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Facilities
About the Laboratory
The Fibre Quality Testing Laboratory, accredited by
NABL, specializes in quality testing and grading jute and other natural fibers.
Within its facilities are mechanical grading instruments such as bundle
strength testers and airflow fineness meters, along with a Gravimetric fineness
tester. Additionally, the laboratory is equipped with BIS approved digital
grading instrument i.e., bundle
strength testers, digital fineness testers, and color and lustre meters,
ensuring accurate, reliable, and objective fiber analysis. Further, there are also multifibre testing
instruments. Through meticulous testing and precise measurements, the Fiber
Testing Laboratory upholds industry standards, facilitates innovation, and
fosters the development of high-quality fibers for a myriad of applications.
Mandate
§ Quality evaluation and grading of natural fibres
using instrumental method
§ Calibration of instate developed mechanical as well
as digital grading instruments
Nature of work
§ Conducting a range of tests to assess the quality,
strength, fineness, and other essential characteristics of fibers.
§ Grading of jute fibre as per BIS standard (IS: 271
(2020), IS: 7032(1986))
Instruments and Equipment available
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Mechanical
bundle strength -tester |
|
2 |
Model |
NINFET-FBST-01 |
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
Bundle
strength of fibre |
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
500 g |
|
Sl. |
Instrument/ Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Air flow Fineness tester |
|
2 |
Model |
NINFET-AFT-01 |
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
Fineness of
fibre |
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
500 g |
|
Sl. |
Instrument/ Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Gravimetric
fineness tester |
|
2 |
Model |
NINFET-TE-GFT-01 |
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
Fineness of
fibre |
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
500 g |
|
Sl. |
Instrument/ Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Automatic
Electronic Bundle strength tester |
|
2 |
Model |
NINFET-AFBST-MF-01 |
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
Fineness of
fibre |
|
5 |
Sample Specification |
500 g |
|
Sl. |
Instrument/ Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Digital
fineness tester |
|
2 |
Model |
NINFET-DFM-MF-01 |
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
Fineness of
fibre |
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
500 g |
|
Sl. |
Instrument/ Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Digital Colour
and Lustre meter |
|
2 |
Model |
NINFET-DCLM-MF-01 |
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
Colour and
lustre of fibre |
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
20 reeds of
fibre |
Contact Person
Dr. Avijit Das
Head, QE&I Division
ICAR-NINFET, Kolkata
Email: avijitcrri@gmail.com
About
the Laboratory
This
division have the facilities of
·
Pulp
and Paper Laboratory.
·
Bleaching
and Dyeing laboratory.
·
Paper
and Bio Composite Testing Laboratory.
·
Pilot
Plant for making Pulp-Paper & Particle Board.
·
Pilot
Plant for Bleaching and Dyeing of yarn and fabric.
Chemical and Bio chemical Laboratory
contains instrument for the testing of paper, particle board, dyed fabric/
yarn, composite by the advance instruments like - Instron, Xenotest, Tensile
Strength tester, Folding Endurance, Crease Recovery etc.
Mandate
§ To improve the quantity of product from
jute and allied fibres by advanced chemical processing techniques like
bleaching, dyeing, printing & finishing.
§ To identity & develop diversified
product like handmade paper, composites, particle boards from jute & allied
fibre residues.
§ To impart skill development programs on
processing of jute & allied fibers and by- products utilisation.
Nature
of Work
§ Scouring, Bleaching & Dyeing of
yarn and fabric .
§ Bleaching of different Ligno-Cellulosic
pulp.
§ Preparation of pulp and paper from
different Ligno-Cellulosic pulp.
§ Preparation of different Hand Made
paper product, i.e. file, folder, jewellery box etc.
§ Preparation of particle board from
different natural resources.
§ Preparation of composite material.
Instrument
and Equipment available:
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
GSM measuring apparatus. |
|
2. |
Model |
UE
POONA-4 |
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
GSM |
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
10 cm X
10 cm |
|
Sl. |
Instrument
/ Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
TENSILE
STRENGTH tester for paper |
|
2. |
Model |
UEC-1005
D |
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
Tensile
Strength |
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
15mm x
150 mm |
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
Folding
Endurance tester for paper |
|
2. |
Model |
Uec-1007
B |
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
Folding
Strength |
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
15mm X 50
mm |
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
Bursting
Strength tester for paper |
|
2. |
Model |
UEC -1010
D |
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
Bursting
Strength |
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
10cm X 10
cm |
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
Tearing
Strength tester for paper |
|
2. |
Model |
TYPE B |
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
Tearing
Strength |
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
70mm X 50
mm, 04 No. samples required for each testing |
|
6. |
Charges |
Rs.
500.00 per test + 18% GST |
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
INSTRON |
|
2. |
Model |
5967 |
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
Testing
of Composites (Tensile / Flexural/ ILSS) |
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
30cm X 30
cm 05No.
samples required for each testing |
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
CREASE
RECOVERY |
|
2. |
Model |
IS 4681 |
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
Crease
recovery of fabric |
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
5 m2 |
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
FABRIC
STIFFNESS |
|
2. |
Model |
ASTM D
1388 |
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
Bending
Length |
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
2 m2 |
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
XENOTEST |
|
2. |
Model |
ISO 105
B-02 |
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
Light
Fastness Testing |
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
30 X 30
cm |
Dr. D.
P. RAY,
Head
of Department
Chemical
and Bio-Chemical Division
E-mail:
debprasad.ray@icar.gov.in
About the Laboratory
The Yarn
and Fabric Quality Testing Laboratory, accredited by NABL, specializes in
quality testing and grading jute and other natural fibers. Within its
facilities are mechanical grading instruments such as bundle strength testers
and airflow fineness meters, along with a Gravimetric fineness tester.
Additionally, the laboratory is equipped with BIS approved digital grading
instrument i.e., bundle strength
testers, digital fineness testers, and color and lustre meters, ensuring
accurate, reliable, and objective fiber analysis. Further, there are also multifibre testing
instruments. Through meticulous testing and precise measurements, the Fiber
Testing Laboratory upholds industry standards, facilitates innovation, and
fosters the development of high-quality fibers for a myriad of applications.
Mandate
§ Quality evaluation and grading of natural fibres
using instrumental method
§ Calibration of instate developed mechanical as well
as digital grading instruments
Nature of work
§ Conducting a range of tests to assess the quality,
strength, fineness, and other essential characteristics of fibers.
§ Grading of jute fibre as per BIS standard (IS: 271 (2020), IS: 7032(1986))
Instruments and Equipment available
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Yarn linear
density tester The
wrap reel test, also known as the skein or hank reel test, is a widely used
method for measuring the length and calculating the count of a yarn. This
test is commonly performed on spun yarns and is crucial for ensuring
consistency and accuracy in yarn production. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Yarn twist tester A yarn
twist tester determines the twist in a yarn by twisting a fixed length of the
yarn until it kinks or unravels. The number of turns required to cause the
kink or unravelling is measured and used to calculate the yarn's twist per
unit length. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Yarn hairiness tester A yarn
hairiness tester is a specialized instrument used to quantify the degree of
hairiness in a yarn. Hairiness refers to the presence of short fibers, or
"hairs," that protrude from the surface of the main yarn structure.
A yarn hairiness tester measures the number and length of protruding fibers
(hairs) from the surface of a yarn. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Yarn evenness tester A yarn
evenness tester, also known as a yarn evenness testing machine or yarn
imperfection tester, is a specialized device used to measure and quantify the
irregularities or variations in the thickness and quality of a yarn. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Instron universal testing machine Yarn strength is measured
commonly using Instron universal testing machine by pulling the yarn between
the clamps and by measuring the breaking force. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Fabric thickness tester A fabric thickness tester
typically employs a mechanical or electronic mechanism to measure the
distance between two parallel plates or anvils under a specified pressure |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Porometer Gurley
Porosity test: The Gurley porosity test measures the
time required for a specified volume of air to pass through a fabric sample
under specific conditions. This method is particularly suitable for fabrics
with relatively low air permeability. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Air
permeability tester The air
permeability test for fabric is conducted to measure the ease with which air
can pass through a fabric. The test helps assess the fabric's porosity and
its ability to allow air to pass through under controlled conditions. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Digital
bursting tester Bursting
strength is a mechanical property that measures the ability of a material,
such as a non-woven fabric, to withstand pressure without bursting or
breaking. The specimen is properly clamped and is the pressure of the fabric
is gradually increased at a controlled rate until the fabric bursts or
ruptures. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Abrasion
tester The
abrasion test for non-woven fabrics assesses the material's resistance to
wear and abrasion under controlled conditions. This test is important for
evaluating the fabric's durability, longevity, and ability to withstand
friction and rubbing forces. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument/
Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Name of the
instrument |
Flammability tester A flammability test for fabric is conducted to
assess the material's response to ignition and its ability to propagate
flames. |
|
2 |
Model |
|
|
3 |
Photograph of
the Instrument |
|
|
4 |
Test Parameters |
|
|
5 |
Sample
Specification |
|
Contact
person:
Dr. Sanjoy Debnath
Head of Department
Mechanical Processing Division
E-mail: sanjoy.debnath@icar.gov.in
About the Laboratory:
Geotextile laboratory provides
the testing of Geotextile material either woven or nonwoven and geosynthetic
material. There are various of testing facilities is available such as apparent
opening size tester (AOS), In plane water permeability tester, Gradient Ratio
tester, Cone drops tester and Direct shear/ pull out resistance tester in our
Geotextile laboratory.
Instrument
and Equipment available:
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
Cone drops tester To
determine the resistance of Geotextile to penetration by a steel cone dropped
from height. The degree of penetration is an indication of the behaviour of
the geotextile when sharp stones are dropped on its surface. |
|
2. |
Model |
|
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
|
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
Direct shear tester The
frictional shearing resistance at the interface between the soil and the
Geotextile enables the geotextile to resist pullout failure and allows
tensile forces to be carried by the soil/ geotextile composite structure. There
are two conventional laboratory tests to determine the frictional behaviour
of geotextile: - 1. Test method for measuring
geosynthetic pullout resistance in soil. 2.Test method for determining
the co- efficient of soil and geosynthetic or geosynthetic and geosynthetic
friction by direct shear method |
|
2. |
Model |
|
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
|
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
Apparent
opening size Tester This
test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile,
which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil
to pass through. |
|
2. |
Model |
|
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
|
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
In plane water permeability
Tester This
test is necessary for drainage application. The permeameters can be of
parallel flow or radial flow type. In-plane permeability is known as
transmissivity which is defined as the volumetric rateof flow per unit width
of geotextile and unit hydraulic head. |
|
2. |
Model |
|
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
|
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
|
|
Sl. |
Instrument / Equipment |
Remarks |
|
1. |
Name of
the instrument |
Gradient ratio Tester This
test is necessary for filtration i.e. Soil- geotextile system permeability
and clogging potential – the tendency for fabric to lose permeability due to
soil particles that have either lodged in the fabric opening or have
restrictive layer on the surface of the fabric. |
|
2. |
Model |
|
|
3. |
Photographs
of the Instrument |
|
|
4. |
Test
parameters |
|
|
5. |
Sample
Specification |
|
Er. Manisha Hanuamant Jagadale
Scientist, Mechanical Processing
Division
Email- Manisha.jagadale@icar.gov.in
About
Spinning Pilot Plant
Nonwoven pilot plant
Mandate
§ Quality evaluation and grading of natural fibres
using instrumental method
§ Calibration of instate developed mechanical as well
as digital grading instruments
Nature of work
Machinery and Equipment:
|
Spinning
and Weaving |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Softener Softening of raw jute streak by
mechanical flexing with pressure or partial splitting of jute streak by
coarse gilling.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Breaker
carding machine Splitting
for filamentation as well as mixing of different grade of fibres by multiple
folding of spreader sliver and sliver formation. Breaker cards are generally
down striking and half circular.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Finisher
carding machine The
objective of finisher card is to make the sliver regular and uniform in
length and weight. The slivers also get further attenuated and equalisation
of fibre takes place at the successive working zones between workers and
cylinder roller.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All
fibres become parallel to each other. In this operation, thinning of sliver
occurs at the delivery end. This process reduces the sliver irregularity by
doubling. The parts are retaining roller (to retain the fibre), drawing
roller, gill comb (which has spikes to control the fibre movement, also known
as gill drawing). |
|
1st
Drawing machine 2nd
Drawing machine 3rd Drawing machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yarn formation by twisting the fibre bundle on
an apron draft/ slip draft flyer spinning machine and winding of yarn is done
by bobbins.
|
|
Spinning machine Apron draft spinning machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Handlooms
are characterized by their manual operation, where the weaver uses physical
effort to create interlocking threads, forming the fabric. The major parts of
handloom include loop frame, warp beam, heddles, shuttle and reed and the
important steps in handloom weaving are warping, threading, weaving, beating
and tying off. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A power
loom is a mechanized weaving machine used for producing fabrics on a larger
scale compared to handlooms. Advantages of power loom are higher
productivity, cost-effectiveness, consistency, uniformity and can create complex
patterns including intricate designs and patterns through dobby or jacquard
shedding mechanisms. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-woven
laboratory Mechanical
bonding Needle
punching is a widely used mechanical bonding technique in non-woven fabric
production. It is a process for converting webs of fibre into coherent fabric
structures, normally by means of barbed needles, which produce mechanical
bonds within the web. Thermal
bonding A blend
of fusible fibre having very low melting point, with jute fibre is passed
through hot calendar rollers, where fusible fibres melt and form bonds. Adhesive
bonding The
chemical bonding method is a technique used to create non-woven fabrics from
jute fibers by applying chemicals that promote bonding and cohesion between
the fibers. |
|
|
The fibre extraction machinery
shed houses the different fibre extraction machineries viz. Gender friendly
power ribboner, Flax Fibre Extractor, Banana pseudo-stem fibre extractor,
Pineapple Leaf Fibre Extractor, Sisal Leaf Fibre Extractor etc.
The detail features of the
developed and commercialized extractors are mentioned below:
Gender
Friendly Power Ribboner
·
Throughput capacity : 85
to 200 kg/h
·
Extraction efficiency :
85-95%
·
Power requirement :
0.74 kW (Single phase)
·
Labour requirement : 2 person/day
·
Cost of the machine :
Rs. 1,10,000/-
·
Design registration No. :
371068-001
·
Licensed to : M/s Joy Maa
Tara Enterprise, Kolkata
Flax Fibre Extractor
·
Throughput capacity :
45-50 kg/h
·
Extraction efficiency :
85-90%
·
Power Requirement :
1.0 hp (Single phase)
·
Labour requirement : 2
person/day
·
Cost of machine : Rs. 1,21,000/-
·
Design registration No. :
351892-001
·
Licensed to : M/s Paul
Engineering Works, Kolkata
Banana
Pseudo-stem Fibre Extractor
·
Throughput capacity : 100 to 120
kg/h
·
Extraction efficiency : 85-90%
·
Power requirement : 3.0 hp
(Three-phase)
·
Labour requirement : 2 person/day
·
Cost of the machine : Rs.
1,30,000/-
·
Patent No. : 450646
·
Licensed to :
M/s Joy Maa Tara Enterprise, Kolkata
Pineapple Leaf Fibre Extractor
· Throughput capacity : 35 to 40 kg/h
·
Extraction efficiency :
85-90%
·
Power requirement :
1.0 hp (Single phase)
·
Labour requirement : 2
person/day
·
Cost of the machine :
Rs. 1,40,000/-
·
Patent No.
: 433203
·
Licensed to : M/s
Joy Maa Tara Enterprise, Kolkata
isal Leaf Fibre
Extractor
·
Throughput capacity : 50
to 60 kg/h
·
Extraction efficiency :
85-90%
·
Power requirement :
2.0 hp (Single phase)
·
Labour requirement : 2
person/day
·
Cost of the machine :
Rs. 1,50,000/-
·
Patent No. : 467849
·
Licensed to : M/s Joy Maa
Tara Enterprise, Kolkata
Printed jute bags are of high
demand both in National and International market. Raw materials/Fabrics used
for its manufacture are easily available in local market and the same can be
stitched at this centre for development of variety of jute bags. High-speed
automatic sewing machines are available in this unit for the purpose.
Institute raw material cum sales counter caters to
the need to the stakeholders throughout the year. After skill development
trainings on jute diversified products, the trainees depend on various specific
raw materials that are only available in this counter. These raw materials
include fine yarns, coloured yarns, coloured braids, specialty fabrics etc.
Moreover, jute diversified products of various designs are also available at
this counter to suit the need of environment friendly consumers.
This meeting/conference room has
the capacity to accommodate fifty (50) persons at a time. Presentation aids
viz. computer, screen, zoom camera etc. are available here. Various in-house
and outside programmes of short duration and long duration both are hosted
here. This facility is also available on rent basis. For this purpose Dr. S.B.
Roy, Principal Scientist of the Division and In-Charge of this facility may
please be contacted.
It
is having modern digital printing facilities like digital printing machine,
embroidery machine, Sub-lamination machine etc. These facilities help in the
quality printings on fabrics based on customer demand. The details of the
machineries available in this are shown below.
This facility is a recent
addition to the common facilities available in Transfer of Technology Division.
With the increase in the number and demand of interactive classes, the facility
is used as the suitable place to organize the same at this hall. Institutional
activities viz. Hindi Workshops, In-House handicrafts trainings etc. are
organized here. It his having a capacity to accommodate thirty (30) persons.
This facility is also extended to outsiders on rent basis. Er. Tarun Kumar
Kundu, Senior Technical Assistant of this division may be contacted for this
purpose.
This
new facility was created at the institute recently. It encompasses a large
number of high-speed automatic sewing machines to prepare bags of different
designs. The centre plays a pivotal role during the skill development training
programmes under various schemes viz. Agri - Business Incubation (ABI),
Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP) and other Sponsored trainings.
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.
